Malnutrition is a highly threatening condition in the elderly, because it substantially reduces life expectancy. Furthermore, once an older person loses weight due to malnutrition, that weight is typically not put back on ever again.
Since old folks have a tendency to become ill more easily and are absorbing their nutrient elements rather poorly, they’re at increasing risk of malnutrition.
Common symptoms of malnutrition are:
- Weight loss
- Muscle wasting
- Skin bruising
- Dry skin
- Oedema
- Poor blood nutrient profile like iron deficiency, etc
In order to guard against malnutrition in the aged, there are five main causes to watch out for:
1. Medical condition - Most older people have some sicknesses or their immune system is compromised. Their sicknesses may cause reduced appetite or simply no desire to eat at all. Reduced intakes naturally cause further deterioration of the immune system making them even more susceptible to developing diseases. This can present a vicious cycle causing malnutrition.
2. Depression - Dementia and Parkinson’s Disease are usually linked with mood swings and personality changes. On top of that, aged people are frequently isolated, lonely, hurting, anxious and sick making their depression worse. Depression is often linked with thoughts of death or no wish to live. Typically depressed individuals also stop eating or have no wish for food, making them susceptible to malnutrition.
3. Dysphagia - Difficulty in swallowing is commonplace among elderly individuals. This condition is associated with neurological disorders like stroke, Parkinson’s disease and dementia. Swallowing issues can lead to aspiration or the misdirection of food, drinks, spit and gut content into the wind pipe leading to pneumonia (lung infection), dehydration and malnutrition.
4. Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)/taste disturbance - Reduced spit production is a common result of the ageing process. This condition is amplified by prescription medications commonly given to the elderly. Taste disturbances regularly go with dry mouth and that leads to reduced desire to eat as “food simply doesn’t taste good anymore”.
5. Cognitive issues - Poor food recognition, not remembering to eat, food refusal or simply incapability to open food packages can be great barriers to satisfactory nutrition.
In conclusion, while there are plenty of different reasons for malnutrition in the elderly, these 5 are the key ones to watch out for. If you know a senior who seems to have any of these conditions, please seek professional assistance.
Giselle Brand is an accredited practising dietitian and director of Aged Care Nutrition Services. She provides expert services including aged care menu review and nutrition and hydration accreditation for aged care facilities in Australia.